Gramática

Adverbs of Frequency (in hierarchy order)

. always

. usually

. often

. sometimes

. never

. occasionally

. hardly ever

Gerunds and Infinitives

I stopped to smoke a cigarette

I stopped smoking (gerund) cigarettes (you quit)

When a verb follows another verb the structure is usually:

. verb + ing

. verb + (to) infinitive

Some verbs are only followed by ING (the gerund)

Some verbs are followed by the infinitive

Some verbs can be followed by both, the gerund or infinitive

Verbs always followed by ING

. admit – I admit stealing the pencil

. avoid – I avoied seeing her

. propose – I proposed going by plane

. deny – He denied kissing another girl

. dislike – He disliked the racing

. risk – I fancy going to the cinema tonight

. enjoy – I enjoyed playing a game

. keep

. fancy

. finish

. imagine

. mind – Do you think he’ll mind if we borrow his car without asking?

. miss – I miss kissing you

. postpone – He postponed going on holiday until September. He was supposed to go in July

. understand

. Can’t stand – I can’t stand your snoring. Please see a doctor.

Verbs followed by an infinitive with “to”

. afford – You couldn’t afford to buy a Porsche

. appear – Salvini appeard to be a bit made

. ask

. decide

. hesitate – The hesitated to buy it

. agree – I agreed to buy it

. arrange – I arranged to see her tonight

. choose – I chose to go with them

. expect – I expect to see her tonight

. hope – I hope to go to university

. learn – I’m learning to use verbs followed by an infinitive with to

. manage – I managed to pass every year

Verbs followed by either a gerund or infinitive

. begin

. continue

. attempt

. intend - (pretender)

. like

. I love – to eat/eating choco crispies

. prefer

Notes:

Look forward to is followed by gerund

Painting this room yellow will really improve(verb) it

Past Simple

Used to describe an action that started and finished in the past

Regular verbs we add –ed

But remember of irregular verbs

Past Continuous

Was/were + verbing

. Used to describe something that was happening in the past

. Used to describe an action that was interrupted by another action (in the past)

When and While

We use when and while to join a past simple sentence to a past continuous sentence

Remember! use:

When: before the past simple

While: before the past continous

Never use both at the same time.

Example:

I was driving to work when I saw Fernanda Serrano

I saw Fernanda Serrano while I was driving to work

Future Sentences

Will and Going to

Example:

1- (will) I’ll buy him a bottle of wine

2- (going to) Vera’s going to buy a dvd on amazon

1- (will) I decided to do this now (at the moment of speaking)

2- (going to) She decided to do this in the past

Predictions

1-I think Chelsea will win the Champions league

2-We will one day be able to smell things on computer

1 and 2: These are predictions which we feel or believe will happen

3-Stop! You’re going to fall off the table look at these clouds. It’s going to rain.

3: Predictions which we see or hear

Modal Verbs

1- Reporting speech or thoughtàwould, could

2-speculating/making decisionsà might, must, would, could, can

3-commenting/criticisingàshould, suppose, ought to

Present Continuous and Present Simple

Can also be used for the future

Example:

Present

. (PC) My parents are coming to Portugal for Christmas

. (PC) I’m having a party on Friday

. (PS) They arrive on 23rd December

. (PS) João’s Portuguese exam starts at midday

Present Continuous: We use to talk about plans and arangments that we made with other people (it’s similar iwht GOING TO)

We usually include a “time” word with the present continuous when he use it in this way.

Present Simple: We use for the future when we are talking about timetables and programmes

Future Continuous and Future Perfect

Future Continuous

Form: will be + ing

Use: To describe being in the middle of doing something

Ex:

He will be spending time with Fernanda Serrano

He will be having lunch

Future Perfect

Form: Will have + past participle

Use: To talk about complete actions in the future

Ex:

I’ll have gone to school

I’ll have learnt about the future continuous and future perfect

Past Perfect

Form: had + past participle

Use: to talk about a time earlier than another time in the past, to talk about things before that time.

Present Perfect

Form: have/has + past participle

Use:

To tell us about an indefinitive in the past EX: “João has been to Spain”

Unfinished time

To describe something which started in the past and continues up to the present. It’s in these cases that we use for and since.

João has been to Spain

. Catarina has eaten snails

. Inês has driven a car

. Nuno has kissed a girl

These things all happened in the past. We don’t know when exactly

For and Since

We can use with the Present Perfect

Use:

. Since: With a point an time

. For: With a period of time

Ex:

Nuno has lived in Areeiro for 2 years

Nuno has lived in Areeiro since 2005

Already, yet and just.

Already: You finished it a while ago

Yet: You already done it

Just: You finished it very recently

Ex:

Have you done your homework yet?

. Yes, I’ve already done it

. Yes, I’ve just done it

Relative Pronouns

Who: people

Which/that: things

Where: places

Whose: position/possession

Conditionals

Forms

0 If + present simple + present simple

1 If + future will + infinitive

2 If + past simple + would + infinitive

3 If + past perfect + would have + past perfect

O

Use: For situations that are always true (included scientific facts)

Ex:

If you boil water it evaporate

If you eat too much, you get fat

1

Use: Possible/likely situations

Ex:

If I have time, I’ll phone you

2

Use: Things that are impossible or unlikely/untrue

Ex:

If I won the lottery, I’d travel around the world

3

Use: Hypothetical situations in the past. THEY CANNOT BE CHANGED

Ex: If Salvini hadn’t spoken in Portuguese he wouldn’t have had to do press ups.

Can/Could

Can:

Use: For ability (could for past hability) and requests (less polite)

Ex: I can hold my breath for a minute

Could

Use: For requests (more polite)

Ex: I could swim 25 m underwater in the past. I can’t now

Be able to and Was Able to

Be able

Use: Like “can”, be able is used to express present ability

Ex: Salvini is able to hold his breath for over a minute

Was Able to

Use: To say that somebody managed to do something on one occasion (usually something that was not easy)

Ex: Asafa Powell was able to run 100 m in 9,77 seconds.

Past Habits

Form: used to + infinitive

Use: Things that we did but no longer to

Ex: I used to live

Form: be/get used to + gerund | be/get used to + noun

Use: Things that we or not accustomed to do

Ex: was used to driving

Comparatives and Superlatives

Passive Voice

Active: Present Simpleà Passive: am/is/are + past participle

Active: Past Simpleà Passive: was/were + past participle

Active: Present Continuous à Passive: am/is/are being + past participle

Active: Past Continuous à Passive: was/were being + past participle

Active: Present Perfect à Passive: has/have been + past participle

Active: Past Perfect à Passive: had been + past participle

Reported Speech

Direct Speech: Present Simple à Reported Speech: Past Simple

Direct Speech: Past Simple à Reported Speech: Past Simple/Perfect

Direct Speech: Present Continuous à Reported Speech: Past Continuous

Direct Speech: Past Continuous à Reported Speech: Past Continuous/ Perfect Continuous

Direct Speech: Present Perfect à Reported Speech: Past Perfect

Direct Speech: Past Perfect à Reported Speech: Past Perfect

NOTES:

Willàwould

Canàcould

Mustàhad to

Mayàmight

Don’tà not to do

Nowà them

Yesterdayàthe day before

Two days agoà two days before

Todayàthat day

Tomorrowàthe following day

Here à there

This place à that place

These places àthose places

The Causative

Form:  SHOP à Subject + have + object + past participle

Ex: Opticions: Where you have your eyes checked

Informal Letter

Dear xxxx:

Body:

. How are you?

. Now I’m doing….

. I’ve been thinking the same as you

…..

Lots of love/ a hug/ best regards

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